Occupational Diseases Associated with Exposure to Segmental Vibrations Transmitted to the Upper Limb / Enfermedades profesionales por exposición a vibraciones segmentarias transmitidas al miembro superior

Resumen

Hand-arm vibration (HAV) is a common occupational hazard in activities involving vibrating tools and may produce vascular, neurosensory, and musculoskeletal manifestations, collectively known as Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome (HAVS). The objective of this study was to review the available evidence regarding its main clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, and preventive measures in occupational exposure to HAV. A review of specialized Occupational Medicine literature and scientific articles indexed in PubMed and SciELO was conducted, together with international and national guidelines and regulations. The reviewed evidence shows a high frequency of the syndrome among exposed workers, with a close relationship between the intensity and duration of exposure and the development of the disease. Neurosensory manifestations are often the earliest warning signs, while vascular and osteoarticular alterations may progress to disabling conditions. Clinical assessment should be complemented by specific diagnostic methods. Prevention requires reducing exposure through appropriate tool selection and organization of working flow, the provision of personal protective equipment, and worker training. Health surveillance and early recognition of symptoms are essential to prevent progression to disabling stages, highlighting the need to strengthen screening strategies during pre-employment and periodic medical examinations, as well as primary prevention measures.